Reactors of nuclear power plants for nuclear submarines. How to use Apple Pay in Russia? Complete guide How Apple Pie works on iPhone

Just recently, many of us would have called shopping using our phone fantastic. And today for more and more people this is a completely familiar reality. Apple was the first to present such an undoubtedly useful option for its gadgets. If you own an iPhone 6, then today you can choose this safe and modern payment method. We will describe in detail how to use it below.

About Apple Pay

Apple Pay is a universal, simple and secure means of payment, available not only for iPhones, but also for iPads and MacBook Pros. You can use it to pay both in regular stores and in online markets and applications. In major cities around the world, public transport fares are also being adjusted using this technology.

Before you set up and use Apple Pay, make sure you have the following:

a bank card whose issuer (issued bank) supports this technology;
the latest version of iOS on your gadget;
Sign in to iCloud on your phone, configured digital password and Tooch ID.

You can add up to 8 bank and/or bonus (the latter is not available in all countries) cards to one device.

Set up Apple Pay on your iPhone

You'll find that setting up this payment system is as easy as using it. The instructions consist of the following simple steps:

Go to the Wallet app (read more about it below).
Tap on "Add a payment card", click on "Next".
If you have linked a card to pay for purchases in iTunes, then you will only need to enter its 3-digit security code.
Otherwise, you need to place the card face down in the frame so that it can be scanned by the rear camera of the gadget, or enter the necessary information manually - number, expiration date, first and last name in Latin.
Then enter the security code from the back of the card in the required box.
Carefully read the terms of service of your issuing bank. If you agree with them, click "I Accept".
Choose one of the suggested ways to register your card in Apple Pay. For example, via SMS. In this case, a digital code will be sent by message to the phone number associated with it, which must be entered in the required window.
Tap on “Done” - your iPhone and card are ready to pay using Apple Pay!

About Wallet

A little about the application - the universal wallet Wallet. This is where not only the credit or debit bank card you have now added can be stored, but also gift certificates, boarding passes, discount and bonus cards, tickets to a movie, theater, museum or exhibition. You can always get acquainted with the useful information they contain: balance, expiration date, your place or number, etc.

You can add a card in any convenient way:

via "Mail" or "Messages";
using the Wallet barcode scanner;
via browser;
via Airdrop sharing;
through applications that support this “wallet”;
via a pop-up notification when paying with Apple Pay.

Using Wallet on your iPhone is straightforward. If the map contains information about the location and time of where and when you need it, it opens automatically at the right time. You can also quickly open the map by double-clicking the Home key. When you activate automatic selection for a particular card, just hold your phone near the merchant's contactless reader while holding your finger on Tooch ID.

By clicking on the "i" ("information") icon next to the added card, you can do the following:

delete it;
make it accessible to all your Apple devices;
update her information (just pull the screen down);
open/install an application issued by the issuer of this card;
activate/disable automatic updating of card information;
enable or disable the function of appearing on ;
make active or cancel the automatic selection of this card when making purchases.

How to Use Apple Pay: A Complete Guide to Paying in Stores

Paying for purchases in the store works like this:

With Apple Pay, you can pay for goods and services only at terminals marked with the Apple branded apple icon and the word Pay.
Once the merchant's contactless terminal is ready to exchange data, simply place your finger on the Tooch ID sensor button and bring the device approximately 2.5 cm away from the terminal.
The system itself will select for payment a card for which “Automatic selection” is set.
Hold your smartphone near the terminal until the “Ready” message appears.
If you want to pay for a purchase with another card from Wallet, then bring your iPhone to the terminal without touching Tooch ID. Select the desired card on the gadget screen.

Please pay attention to these nuances before using Apple Pay on:

The purchase can only be made if you have Internet access.
When making such a payment, some stores may ask you to additionally enter your bank card PIN or sign a receipt that will appear on the smartphone screen.
If the terminal requires you to enter the last four digits of your card, then you need to log into Wallet, click on the “i” icon next to the desired card and enter the numbers indicated next to the “Device Account Number” inscription. In this case, they are a full-fledged substitute for a bank card number.
If the terminal asks you to choose between a credit or debit card on its screen, you should choose credit.

Virtual purchases using Apple Pay

Consider using Apple Pay for in-app purchases:

You can pay for a particular purchase by clicking on the button - a combination of the branded apple and the inscription Pay, as well as with the prefixes Buy with..., Donate with...
Check all the data or enter the required ones.
If you need to pay with another card, then tap on “>” next to the one offered.
When prompted by the system, place your finger on the Tooch ID sensor.
Do not remove your hand until "Done" appears.

Now let's look at how to use Apple Pay on iPhone 6 when making purchases on websites:

Find the familiar "Buy with Apple Pay" button and click on it.
Check the displayed data, enter the required information.
Make a purchase by placing your finger on the Tooch ID sensor as prompted by the system.
Remove your hand as soon as "Done" appears.

Let's look at specific examples of payments with Apple Pay in Russia.

Issuing banks and stores supporting Apple Pay in Russia

Credit issuers and payment systems that support Apple Pay:

Sberbank;
VTB 24;
"Alfa Bank";
"Tinkoff";
"Binbank";
"Beeline";
"Promsvyazbank";
"Gazprombank";
"Opening";
"Bank "Saint-Petersburg";
"Corn";
"Megaphone";
"Yandex money";
"Rocketbank";
"Russian standard".

Before using Apple Pay on iPhone 6, you probably wanted to know which stores and establishments have terminals that use this payment option. Today there are more than a hundred thousand of them. Among them:

"Auchan";
"Ribbon";
"M Video";
"Pyaterochka";
"Burger King";
"Starbucks";
"El Dorado";
"Carousel";
"Messenger";
"Crossroads";
"Mediamarkt" and others.

Applications and sites where you can use this payment method:

"Rambler cash desk";
Aeroflot;
"Poster";
"Kinopoisk";
"Yandex.Taxi";
"Platypus";
"Biglion"
OZON;
Lamoda, etc.

About security

Before using Apple Pay on iPhone 6, it is important to make sure that this type of payment is secure. For objective reasons, this means of payment is considered more reliable than traditional bank cards:

Payment requires only your fingerprint or a digital code that only you know.
Your card number is not stored on your smartphone or Apple server.
When paying, your card number and personal data are not available to the seller.
Transaction information is anonymous.
When making virtual purchases, the seller only sees the information about you that you enter.

If you lost your iPhone or it was stolen, then no one else will be able to pay for their purchases through Apple Pay, because... this is impossible without the code and your fingerprint. In addition, the service of this payment system can be suspended remotely by contacting the support service of the issuing bank, or through “Find iPhone”. However, the lost device does not have to be connected to the Internet.

What is Apple Pay?

The Apple Pay service was created to simplify the buying/selling process. Instead of using a plastic card or cash, any purchase can be made using an Apple gadget.

Compatible devices for offline payment:

iPhone 6 and 6 Plus
iPhone 6S and 6S Plus
iPhone 7/7 Plus
Apple Watch
iPhone SE

You can pay via iPad and Mac only online.

Payment occurs when the user brings their iPhone or Apple Watch to the contactless terminal. After a few seconds, a message appears on the screen about the possibility of payment and a proposal to confirm the transaction using a fingerprint scanner or password

Apple Pay has been around for over a year and a half. As of 2016, it operates in 9 countries: England, Australia, Hong Kong, Canada, China, Singapore, USA, Switzerland and France. Today the system.

How it works?

The basis: The mechanism of the system is based on NFC technology for close data transmission (at a distance of up to 20 cm) in conjunction with the Secure Element chip, which stores bank card data in encrypted form. Secure Element represents the industry standard in financial transactions. This chip runs a custom Java application.

Secure Element: This is an area of dedicated memory that is separate from system memory. This area stores the user's bank card data. No program has access to it, no data is transferred anywhere, and even Apple cannot influence this strategy. So no one will know about your purchases and cash flows.

Secure Enclave: it is the component that manages the authentication process and initiates payment transactions. At the same time, it stores the fingerprint for Touch ID.

Apple Pay Servers: This is the backend that manages the status of credit and debit cards in the Wallet app, along with the device number stored in the Secure Element. Apple Pay Servers are also responsible for transcoding payment information within apps.

History and partners

Contactless payment technology has been used for quite a long time – since the middle of the first decade of the 21st century. But throughout its existence, it has not gained popularity. Even the concept of Apple Pay is not new. Google has already tried to take a place in this niche with its inconvenient Google Wallet service.

Apple Pay is compatible with many existing contactless readers: Visa PayWave, MasterCard PayPass, American Express and ExpressDay.

In addition to the fact that Apple’s service is supported by hundreds of banks, you can pay using your smartphone at any terminals that support contactless payment methods.

Where can I pay with Apple Pay?

Payment is made without entering a bank card number and other bank information. You just need to put your finger on Touch ID.

During the purchase process, Apple Pay may share additional information stored on the buyer's phone, such as shipping address and phone number.

What is Apple’s “profit” from the Apple Pay service? It's simple: the corporation receives 0.15% from each transaction - this is a fee for servicing the payment service and creating application tools. This money is paid to her by banks: Citi, plus existing payment systems, MasterCard and Visa.

What about security?

Apple Pay has a multi-level security system: a unique device identifier, dynamically generated security codes for each payment transaction, biometric information - a fingerprint.

Taken together, these tools provide more reliable security than a magnetic stripe or even a chip in a bank card.

During connection creation, devices exchange one-time tokens, which are deleted when the connection ends. The token is designed to replace the card number so that no one recognizes the latter. The token represents a randomly generated number, so the bank card number hidden behind it cannot be decrypted.

All this comes together and replaces the CVV of a bank card for a payment transaction. After establishing a connection and exchanging tokens for data transfer, they are encrypted. These encrypted messages reflect their ownership of the specific device that created the token used.

Even if the token is intercepted, it will not provide the attacker with valuable information, since after the connection is broken, the token is deleted.

Although the message contains information about the buyer, the seller, the amount of money involved in the transaction and the bank that provided the card, all data is securely encrypted. Apple does not disclose information about the encryption algorithm, which causes an uproar among some information security specialists.

Apple motivates its partners to switch to more modern payment terminals according to the EMV specification, that is, replacing the magnetic stripe of plastic cards with a Secure Element chip, which is almost impossible to hack using data interception.

Hacking theory

There was a fly in the ointment in this barrel of honey. No matter how hard the developers try, there are problem areas in the Apple Pay service. And this largely does not depend on Apple. Many other entities are involved in the movement of funds, including banks with their huge security gaps.

The fingerprint scanner does not always work correctly. While it provides a modern and seemingly secure means of identification, it also presents a huge security hole. If Touch ID fails, you can use the PIN code. This negates all advanced security.

The PIN code can be spied on, confused, the wrong keys pressed, in short, the human factor is at work. When paying with an Apple Watch, a fingerprint is not required, in which case the issue of security becomes more acute.

In this regard, additional verification tools have appeared: a secret code, a one-time password, calling customer support or providing information about previous purchases.

Some banks in other countries require the user to log in to mobile internet banking. These steps reduce the usability of Apple Pay by introducing additional layers of verification.

At the moment, the simplest payment format works in Russia without additional authorizations in the process.

Meanwhile, Apple Pay is still not hacked.

Apple Pay competitors

In 2011, Google Wallet entered the contactless payment market, but it did not become popular largely due to the fact that there was a strong competitor in the NFC payment market - Softcard, supported by the largest US mobile operators. But now he's deflated. And Google bought it for $100 million.

Using developments in the field of contactless payments Softcard, Google launched the Android Pay payment service, which works on principles similar to Apple Pay.

The market also operates the Samsung Pay service. To implement this, Samsung bought LoopPay for $250 million. The latter offers additional devices for contactless payments. The main advantage of LoopPay, and now Samsung Pay, is compatibility with older devices.

There is also PayPal with a service that makes payments through QR codes. It was developed by Paydiant, which was acquired by PayPal. To scan QR codes, you use a smartphone with the iOS or Android operating system and the CurrentC program installed, powered by Paydiant technology.

The downside is obvious: there is a time delay - you need to carefully hold the smartphone over the QR code to take a picture.

The future of Apple Pay

The Apple Pay mobile payment system, which allows the use of Apple devices for contactless payments using NFC (near-field communication) technology, first became available in the United States on October 20, 2014, and 2 years later, on October 4, 2016, Russian citizens were able to try it on your Apple phones. Compared to conventional payment by bank card, this system is a significant step forward in convenience, confidentiality, and, above all, in the security of payments both in brick-and-mortar stores and on the Internet. And taking into account the fact that all iPhones, starting with the 6th (sixth) version, are equipped with NFC chips, they also support Apple Pay, and it would be at least strange for their owners not to use such capabilities.

In our review, we will talk about the principle of operation of this payment service, how to connect it, and how to start using it successfully. The technology described below is truly a new level of development of mobile payments, the use of which gives smartphone owners only advantages, so it makes sense to learn about it in as much detail as possible.

Apple Pay. What it is?

What is the operating principle based on?

Apple Pay is a convenient and secure way to pay for purchases from Apple mobile (and other) devices in stores, apps and the Internet.

Apple Pay's mobile payment system is based on card payment tokenization technology– use of payment tokens during payment. A token is a one-time (unique) combination of numbers that does not contain a 16-digit card number or its other details, and is transferred from a mobile device to the seller (and further along the payment chain) through a POS terminal that supports contactless payment.

The technology of payment tokens is implemented by the international payment systems Visa and MasterCard (hereinafter referred to as IPS). When adding a card to the Apple Pay application, the token is generated by the MPS together with the acquiring bank that issued the card, and is transmitted via a secure communication channel directly to the device itself (smartphone, smart watch, tablet, etc.) - all operations in this case are encrypted.

When paying with a mobile device, the token is sent to a division of the international payment system called the payment tokenization service: for Visa it is VTS (Visa Token Service), and for MasterCard it is MDES (Mastercard Digital Enablement Service). Next, the tokenization service decrypts the received data, matching the token with the plastic card number, and sends this information directly to the issuing bank for . Successful authorization allows you to pay by card at the point of sale.

We discussed tokenization technology in detail in an article about, which is based on the same principles. Additionally, we note that the token is tied to a specific device (or even to a specific type of purchase), its theft and subsequent use on another device () is simply a waste of time.

Such a transaction will be immediately blocked by the MPS, at least due to a discrepancy between the binding information and the device from which the payment is made. At the same time, international payment systems can quickly break the connection between tokens and the card, re-issuing them again without causing concern to the owner of the smartphone and bank card.

How does Apple Pay work step by step?

Read more about the technology of the service on the company’s support website (https://support.apple.com/ru-ru/HT203027) in an overview of the security and privacy features of the Apple Pay system.

Additional layers of security

The payment process described above ensures the security of the transmission of payment information, coupled with additional levels of security such as:

What phones does Apple Pay support?

Mobile payments using the Apple Pay system can be made on various Apple devices - not only modern ones, but also obsolete ones. So, users can carry out similar operations if they have an iPhone - from the sixth and higher. A detailed list of smartphones compatible with the system in question is as follows:

iPhone SE;
iPhone 6 and 6 plus;
iPhone 6S and 6S plus;
iPhone 7 and 7 plus;
iPhone 8 and 8 plus;
iPhone X

iPhone 5 and 5s devices (no NFC chip) can only be used in conjunction with Apple Watch - payment is made through the smart watch.

You can pay with phones both in offline stores and on the Internet, in programs (applications) and in Apple’s proprietary Safari web browser.

In stores and programs you can pay with Apple Watch smart watches of all modifications:

Apple Watch Series 3;
Apple Watch Series 2;
Apple Watch Series 1;
Apple Watch (1st generation).

You can pay from iPad tablets in apps, on the Internet, and in Safari:

iPad Pro;
iPad (5th generation);
iPad Air 2;
iPad mini 4;
iPad mini 3.

Finally, from a number of Mac computer models you can pay online and in Safari:

Mac computer (all models 2012 and later) paired with an iPhone with Apple Pay or Apple Watch;
MacBook Pro with Touch ID sensor.

Current information about supporting models can be found on the company's website: https://support.apple.com/ru-ru/KM207105.

What banks and cards does it work with?

The payment service works with Mastercard and Visa credit and debit cards from almost all major banks in the Russian Federation, as well as with various payment systems. The largest bank in the Russian Federation, Sberbank, was the first to announce support for Apple Pay.

Information taken from the official Apple website: https://support.apple.com/ru-ru/HT206637.

How to add a card to Apple Pay?

Before adding a card to the system, check if everything is ready for you:

Make sure your bank card and device are compatible with Apple Pay;
Update the operating system of the device you are using to the latest version;
Sign in to iCloud using your Apple ID (this is your account used to access various virtual company services).

When adding cards, the device must be connected to the Internet. On the following devices: Apple Watch Series 3, iPhone X, iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, you can add up to 12 cards (per device). On earlier models, you can add up to 8 cards to one device.

How to connect a card to iPhone?

The operation is simple and quick:

Open the Wallet application;
Click on “Add payment card”;
We scan the card details or enter them manually, after which we enter the requested information (first and last name, expiration date, secret security code CVV2/CVC2, which can be found on the back of the card);
The bank will begin to check the card, after which you need to click “next”;
We are waiting for an SMS message with a password to confirm the data, which we enter in the special “Verification Code” field. If everything goes well, a message will appear that the card is activated;
Now you can pay for your purchases with the added card.

You can add maps used in iTunes or other devices.

Adding a map to AppleWatch

The watch only works in conjunction with a smartphone. To use them, you must first add a card to your phone (we have already done this above). After this we need:

Launch the Apple Watch app on your iPhone and go to the “My Watch” tab;
Click "Wallet and Apple Pay";
Select the attached card and click Add;
The bank will check the card and send an SMS message with a confirmation code.

You can manage cards added to your watch via your phone.

Watch a video on how to connect a card to Apple Pay on iPhone and AppleWatch using a Sberbank card as an example:

Connecting the card to the iPad

Here's a similar algorithm:

Go to Settings;
Select Apple Pay and Wallet;
Add a payment card;
If there is no card confirmed in iTunes, enter the data or take a photo of the card.
We are waiting for the card to be added after it has been verified by the issuing bank.

How to start using Apple Pay?

We pay in stores

If you have previously selected a default card for payment, the payment process will take a couple of seconds. Selecting any other card will take another 2-3 seconds.

Payment in stores is only possible from terminals that support contactless payment functions - at the moment, terminals with such functionality are available in all major retail chains. Look for the following symbols at cash registers or terminals:

Payment procedure using an iPhone 8 or earlier model:

If you are going to pay with the default card, then place your finger on the Touch ID sensor;
Bring the back of your iPhone to the contactless reader until a check mark and “Ready” appears on the display (you can touch the terminal or hold the device a few centimeters above it).

How to pay using iPhone X:

Double-click the side button, then look at your iPhone X to visually authenticate with Face ID (or enter your passcode);
Bring the back of your iPhone to the terminal and hold it until a checkmark and “Done” appears on the display.

Pay using AppleWatch:

When using the default card, double-click the side button on the watch;
Bring and hold the Apple Watch display a few centimeters from the contactless terminal;
Wait for the device to vibrate slightly.

We pay online

To pay in programs, on websites or in the Safari browser, look for the corresponding buttons:

Just press the appropriate button, enter the necessary data (address, full name, etc.) and confirm the payment by entering a password, touching Touch ID or Face ID authentication (see above).

Various nuances when using the service

When paying for more than 1,000 rubles, you may (not always) be asked to enter the PIN code (of the card from which the payment is made) at the terminal;
When paying for purchases, the device does not have to be connected to the Internet;
Immediately after payment, the date/time/store name/payment amount is displayed directly below the card - this information is saved until the next payment;
You can view the history of all transactions made using your mobile phone: go to Settings and click “Wallet and Apple Pay”;
If you disable the Touch ID sensor on your device and remove the password, then all connected bank cards will be REMOVED from this device. Removing your password or signing out of iCloud removes all credit, debit, and prepaid cards from your Apple Watch.

User fee: free for some, paid for others

It is important to note that using the Apple mobile payment service is completely free for the device owner: no additional fees are provided. Everything is the same as when paying with a regular plastic card.

But the company charges the issuing banks a commission of 0.15% (in Russia) for each payment transaction made.

What to do if your phone is lost or stolen?

If you discover a loss, you can quickly pause or completely prohibit payment for purchases through Apple Pay for any of your devices. You can do this from your Apple ID account page (https://icloud.com/find) or Find My iPhone (http://appstore.com/findmyiphone).

You can pause the service of cards or completely remove them from the service, even if the device is not currently connected to the Internet and is not connected to a cellular or Wi-Fi network. The same steps can be done by calling your bank.

Advantages and disadvantages of the service

Advantages

The advantages include simplicity, convenience, and, of course, an increased level of security when paying for purchases. This mobile payment technology significantly reduces the risk of your card being compromised in the event of fraudulent activities by hackers and other attackers.

The best way to use your bank card is to add it to the Apple Pay service immediately after receiving it, without ever paying with it for purchases at retail outlets or in online stores! After that, put your card in the farthest box and pay from your phone.

Thus, if you are the owner of an Apple device, then you should not ignore the possibility of secure contactless payment using it, especially since you don’t have to pay anything for it - this technology is free for you!

Even if your iPhone is stolen, you will feel sorry for it, and not for the money in your accounts: firstly, your card numbers are not stored in the phone’s memory and on the corporation’s servers, secondly, you can quickly delete this data in your account, and , thirdly, the thief still needs to be able to log into your phone - modern security measures will not allow him to do this quickly.

Flaws

We will first of all include such everyday difficulties as forgetfulness or absent-mindedness as shortcomings. So, if we forgot to charge our phone or watch, then we will need cards anyway.

It is also worth noting that not every ATM will allow you to withdraw money from a card using a contactless method - only those that support these functions.

Judging by the reviews, on some phone models, especially refurbished ones, the service may be unstable or not work at all.

Again, terminals with contactless payment capabilities are not installed everywhere.

Summing up

Apple Pay has excellent prospects in Russia, not least thanks to the large army of fans of Apple devices. The further development of such secure methods of mobile payment (and competitors are also not asleep, but are developing: Samsung Pay and Android Pay) can nullify the classic unsafe payment methods using plastic cards, which can only benefit phone manufacturers. And for us, the users, there are only advantages. It's convenient, safe and confidential. We recommend that you take a closer look at Apple Pay and connect this service to your device if your device has such an option.

Project 941 Akula heavy strategic missile submarines can be confidently classified as one of the largest nuclear submarines in the world. NATO classification - SSBN "Typhoon". In 1972, after receiving the assignment, TsKMBMT "Rubin" began developing this project.

History of creation

In December 1972, a tactical and technical design assignment was issued to S.N. Kovalev was appointed chief designer of the project. The development and creation of a new type of submarine cruiser was positioned as a response to the construction of Ohio-class SSBNs in the United States. It was planned to use solid-fuel three-stage intercontinental ballistic missiles R-39 (RSM-52), the dimensions of these missiles determined the size of the new ship. When compared with the Trident-I missiles, which are equipped with Ohio-class SSBNs, the R-39 missile has significantly better characteristics in flight range, throw weight and has 10 blocks, while the Trident has 8 such blocks. But at the same time, the R-39 is significantly larger in size, it is almost twice as long, and has a mass three times that of its American counterpart. The standard layout of the SSBN was not suitable for accommodating missiles of such a large size. The decision to begin work on the construction and design of a new generation of strategic missile carriers was made on December 19, 1973.

In June 1976, the first boat of this type, TK-208, was laid down at the Sevmash enterprise, which was launched on September 23, 1980 (the abbreviation TK means “heavy cruiser”). The image of a shark was painted on the bow, below the waterline, before the boat was launched into the water; later, stripes with a shark appeared on the crew’s uniform. On July 4, 1981, the lead cruiser entered sea trials, a month earlier than the American SSBN Ohio, the project of which was launched earlier. On December 12, 1981, TK-208 entered service. Between 1981 and 1989, 6 Akula-type boats were commissioned and launched. The seventh ship of this series was never laid down.

More than 1,000 enterprises of the former Union provided the construction of submarines of this type. 1219 Sevmash employees who participated in the creation of the ship were awarded government awards.

The announcement of the creation of Akula series boats was made at the XXVI Congress of the CPSU by Brezhnev, who stated: We have the Typhoon system, similar to the new American Ohio submarine, armed with Trident-I missiles. The new boat “Akula” was named “Typhoon” deliberately; at that time the Cold War was not yet over, so the name “Typhoon” was used to mislead the enemy.

In 1986, a diesel-electric transport-missile carrier was built, the displacement of which was 16,000 tons, the number of missiles accepted on board was 16 SLBMs. The transport was named "Alexander Brykin" and was intended to provide reloading of missiles and torpedoes.

A long high-latitude trip to the Arctic was carried out in 1987 by the TK-17 Simbirsk boat. During this campaign, crews were changed several times.

On the TK-17 Arkhangelsk, during a training launch, a training rocket exploded and burned out in the silo; the launches were carried out in the White Sea on September 27, 1991. The explosion tore off the cover of the missile silo and threw the missile warhead into the sea. After this incident, the boat underwent minor repairs; the crew was not injured in the explosion.

The “simultaneous” launch of 20 R-39 missiles took place in tests conducted by the Northern Fleet in 1998.

Design Features

The power plant on boats of this type is made in the form of two independent echelons, which are located in durable hulls, these hulls are different. Pulse equipment is used to monitor the condition of the reactors; in case of loss of power supply, the reactors are equipped with an automatic extinguishing system.

Even at the design stage, the terms of reference included a clause on the need to ensure a safe radius; in connection with this, a number of experiments were developed and carried out in experimental compartments on methods for calculating the dynamic strength of the most complex hull components (fastening modules, pop-up chambers and containers, inter-hull connections) .

Since standard workshops were not suitable for building Akula-type boats, a new workshop had to be built at number 55 at Sevmash, which is currently one of the largest indoor boathouses in the world.

Shark-class submarines have a fairly large buoyancy reserve of 40%. Due to the fact that half of the displacement on boats of this type comes from ballast water, they received an unofficial name in the fleet - “water carrier”; another unofficial name “victory of technology over common sense” was assigned to the boat at the competing Malachite Design Bureau. A significant reason that influenced this decision was the requirement to ensure the smallest draft of the ship. This requirement was quite justified by the possibility of using existing repair bases and piers.

It is the large reserve of buoyancy, together with a fairly strong deckhouse, that makes it possible to break through ice, the thickness of which is up to 2.5 meters, which allows combat duty in northern latitudes almost to the North Pole.

Frame

One of the design features of the boat is the presence of five habitable durable hulls inside a lightweight hull. Two of which, the main ones, their largest diameter is 10 meters, are located according to the catamaran principle - parallel to each other. Missile silos with D-19 missile systems are located in the front of the ship, between the main pressure hulls.

In addition, the boat is equipped with three sealed compartments: a torpedo compartment, a control module compartment with a central post and an aft mechanical compartment. This placement of three compartments between the main hulls of the boat significantly increases the fire safety and survivability of the boat. According to the opinion of General Designer S.N. Kovaleva:

“What happened on the Kursk (Project 949A), on Project 941 submarines, could not lead to such catastrophic consequences. The torpedo compartment on the Akula is made as a separate module. In the event of a torpedo explosion, the destruction of several main compartments and the death of the entire crew could not have occurred.”

The main buildings are connected to each other by three passages: in the bow, in the center and in the stern. The transitions pass through the intermediate compartments of the capsule. The number of waterproof compartments on the boat is 19. Rescue chambers located at the base of the wheelhouse under the retractable device fence can accommodate the entire crew. Number of rescue chambers -2.

The durable cases were made from titanium alloys, the lightweight case was made of steel and had a non-resonant anti-location and sound-insulating coating, the weight of which was 800 tons. American experts believe that the boat’s durable hulls are also equipped with a soundproofing coating.

The ship has a developed cruciform stern tail with horizontal rudders, which is located directly behind the propellers. The front horizontal rudders are retractable.

To ensure the possibility of being on duty in northern latitudes, the wheelhouse fencing is made very durable, having the ability to break ice, the thickness of which is from 2 to 2.5 meters (in winter, the thickness of ice in the Arctic Ocean can be from 1.2 to 2 meters, sometimes reaches 2.5 meters). From below, the surface of the ice consists of growths in the form of icicles or stalactites that are quite large in size. During the ascent of the boat, the bow rudders are retracted, and the boat itself is pressed against the ice layer with a bow and wheelhouse specially adapted for this purpose, then the main ballast tank is sharply purged.

Power point

The design of the main nuclear power plant was carried out according to the block principle. The main installation includes two OK-650 water-cooled thermal neutron reactors with a shaft thermal power of 2x50,000 hp. and also in both durable hulls there are two steam turbine units, this significantly increases the survivability of the boat.

The Akula project boats use a two-stage rubber-cord pneumatic shock absorption system and a block system of mechanisms and equipment, which can significantly improve the vibration isolation of components and assemblies, and thus reduce the noise of the boat.

Two low-speed, low-noise, seven-bladed fixed-pitch propellers are used as propulsors. To reduce noise levels, the propellers are located in ring fairings (fenestrons).

The backup propulsion system includes two 190 kW DC electric motors. When maneuvering in cramped conditions, the boat uses a thruster, which consists of two folding columns with 750 kW electric motors and rotary propellers. These devices are located at the bow and stern of the ship.

Crew accommodation

The crew is accommodated in conditions of increased comfort. The submarines of the Shark project have a crew lounge, a swimming pool measuring 4x2 meters and a depth of 2 meters, the pool is filled with fresh or salt sea water with the possibility of heating, a gym, a solarium, a sauna, as well as a “living area”. Enlisted personnel are accommodated in small cockpits; command personnel are accommodated in two or four-bed cabins equipped with washbasins, televisions and air conditioning. There are two wardrooms: one for officers, and the second for sailors and midshipmen. Due to the comfort conditions created on the boat, among sailors it was called the “floating Hilton.”

Armament

The main armament of the TK is 20 three-stage solid-propellant ballistic missiles R-39 "Variant". The launch weight of these missiles, together with the launch container, is 90 tons, and their length is 17.1 m, this is the largest launch weight of all SLBMs put into service.

The missiles have a multiple warhead of 10 warheads with individual guidance, each containing 100 kilotons of TNT, and the missiles' flight range is 8,300 km. Due to the fact that the R-39s are quite large in size, their only carriers are Project 941 Akula boats.

Tests of the D-19 missile system were carried out on a specially converted diesel submarine K-153 (Project 619), only one silo for the R-39 was placed on it, the number of launches of dummy models was limited to seven.

launch of an R-39 missile from a Project 941 Akula submarine

From Akula project boats, the entire ammunition load can be launched in one salvo; the interval between missile launches is minimal. Missiles can be launched from a surface or underwater position; in the case of launch from an underwater position, the immersion depth is up to 55 meters; there are no restrictions on weather conditions for launching missiles.

The use of the ARSS shock-absorbing rocket launch system makes it possible to launch a rocket using a powder pressure accumulator from a dry shaft; this significantly reduces the level of pre-launch noise, as well as shortens the interval between rocket launches. One of the features of the complex is the suspension of missiles at the neck of the silo using ARSS. At the design stage, it was envisaged to deploy an ammunition load of 24 missiles, but by the decision of the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy, Admiral S.G. Gorshkov, the number of missiles was reduced to 20.

The development of a new, improved version of the R-39UTT "Bark" missile began after the adoption of a government decree in 1986. On the new modification of the rocket, it was planned to implement a system for passing through ice, as well as increase the range to 10,000 km. According to the plan, it was necessary to rearm the missile carriers before 2003, by the time the warranty service life of the R-39 missiles expired. However, the tests of the new missiles were not successful, after the third launch ended in failure, in 1998 the Ministry of Defense decided to stop work on the complex; by the time such a decision was made, the readiness of the complex was 73%. The development of another solid-fuel SLBM, the Bulava, was entrusted to the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering, which developed the land-based ICBM Topol-M.

In addition to strategic weapons, Project 941 Akula boats are equipped with 6 torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber, which can be used to lay minefields for firing rocket-torpedoes and conventional torpedoes.

The air defense system is provided by eight Igla-1 MANPADS systems.

The Akula project boats are equipped with the following types of electronic weapons:

"Omnibus" - combat information and control system;

analog hydroacoustic complex "Skat-KS" (digital "Skat-3" is installed on the TK-208);

sonar mine detection station MG-519 “Harp”;

echometer MG-518 “Sever”;

radar complex MRKP-58 "Buran";

navigation complex "Symphony";

radio communication complex "Molniya-L1" with satellite communication system "Tsunami";

television complex MTK-100;

two buoy-type antennas allow you to receive radio messages, target designations and satellite navigation signals when located at a depth of up to 150 m and under ice.

Interesting Facts

For the first time, the placement of missile silos in front of the wheelhouse was carried out on boats of the Akula project.

For the development of a unique ship, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to the Commander of the first missile cruiser, Captain 1st Rank A. V. Olkhovnikov in 1984

The ships of the Shark project are included in the Guinness Book of Records

The commander's seat in the central post is inviolable; there are no exceptions for anyone, not for the commanders of a division, fleet or flotilla, and even the Minister of Defense.

Nuclear submarines and other nuclear-powered ships use radioactive fuel - mainly uranium - to turn water into steam. The resulting steam rotates turbogenerators, which produce electricity to propel the ship and power various onboard equipment.

Radioactive materials like uranium release thermal energy through the process of nuclear decay, when the unstable nucleus of an atom is split into two parts. This releases a huge amount of energy. On a nuclear submarine, this process is carried out in a thick-walled reactor, which is continuously cooled with running water to avoid overheating or even melting of the walls. Nuclear fuel is particularly popular with the military on submarines and aircraft carriers due to its extraordinary efficiency. On one piece of uranium the size of a golf ball, a submarine could circle the globe seven times. However, nuclear energy poses dangers not only to the crew, who could be harmed if a radioactive release occurs on board. This energy poses a potential threat to all life in the sea, which could be poisoned by radioactive waste.

Schematic diagram of the engine compartment with a nuclear reactor

In a typical nuclear reactor engine (left), cooled water is pressurized into the reactor vessel containing nuclear fuel. The heated water leaves the reactor and is used to turn other water into steam, and then, when cooled, is returned to the reactor. Steam rotates the blades of a turbine engine. The gearbox converts the rapid rotation of the turbine shaft into a slower rotation of the electric motor shaft. The electric motor shaft is connected to the propeller shaft using a clutch mechanism. In addition to transmitting rotation to the propeller shaft, the electric motor generates electricity, which is stored in on-board batteries.

Nuclear reaction

In the reactor cavity, the atomic nucleus, consisting of protons and neutrons, is struck by a free neutron (figure below). The impact splits the nucleus, and in this case, in particular, neutrons are released, which bombard other atoms. This is how a chain reaction of nuclear fission occurs. This releases a huge amount of thermal energy, that is, heat.

A nuclear submarine cruises along the coast in a surface position. Such ships need to replenish fuel only once every two to three years.

The control group in the conning tower monitors the adjacent water area through a periscope. Radar, sonar, radio communications and cameras with scanning systems also assist in the navigation of this vessel.